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Question: Discuss about theInternational Relations for Globalisationand Environment. Answer: The essay deals with the contribution of green international theory in the understanding of contemporary world politics. The efforts made to address the global issues concerning the environment are stated in the essay. Gilpin (2016) stated that environmental problems were never the focal point of business or political world. This is mainly because of the fact that the idea of a sustainable development did not take occur in the minds of the people. However, over the years, maintaining the environmental issues has become the main objective of the people. In this regard, certain summits like the UN Summit or the Copenhagen treaty of 2000 have emerged as the political backbone for addressing these issues. The emergence of green international relations has emerged as one of the branches of international relations that require focus from the politicians. The continuous emergence of global warming has resulted in the emergence of strategically making a green international relation to be fol lowed in the world (Baylis, Owens and Smith, 2017). The essay discusses the emergence of green international relations and the impact it has on the existing global environment. The ways to address global politics and international issues have been discussed in the essay. The emergence of green international relations theory resulted from emergence of the concept of liberal institutionalism. The two major theories that can be related to the concept include realism and liberalism (Jackson and Srensen, 2015). Realism stated the fact that countries aim to increase self-power by dominating other countries that are inferior to them. On the other hand, liberalism states that the mutual ties that exist between the countries have reduced the interests of the nations resulting in the decrease interest between two countries. For example, with the advent of liberalism there may be political tensions in terms of signing peace treaty between two neighbouring countries. Green international theory emerges from the relationship between globalisation and environment. As stated by Kublkov (2015) the advent of globalisation has resulted in the increase of mutual relationships between countries. As a result, the signing of treaties have emerged that contributed to the gr owth of green international theories. Various summits such as the United Nations Summit have made considerable efforts to promote green international theory in the world. By the end of the twentieth century, environmental degradation became a major cause of concern for the people. The political influence can help in bringing about changes in the environment and ensure that the global sustainability factor is well maintained. These issues require strategic planning as the factors that lead to the cause of degradation of the environment are usually complex, variable and have intractable characteristic (Adler, 2013). According to Fierke and Jorgensen (2015), people started to question the causes that lead to the decay of the environmental and the possible solutions that can be put to effect in order to prevent these causes. For this, the Government of various countries issued petitions regarding the environmental policies of the regions. Predictions made by scholars warned about global catastrophe unless the rapid decay to the environment can be ceased. Fawcett (2016) observed that the petition for green environment caused a major concern for most people pursuing humanities and social science as a course of study. In this regard, the emergence of the concept has drawn the focus of the politicians and has contributed in bringing about changes in the environment of the regions. The setting up of summits and treaties have been a major step for the people that have emerged as the starting steps towards maintaining green international relations. However, only after the 1980s, the voice for green inter national movement emerged that provided the loudest voice for creating the movement. These movements also formulated the emergence of parties that instigated the importance of greenery in the international aspects. According to Knutsen (2016), the relationship between environmental justice and environmental democracy came at two waves for most regions. The first wave highlighted the ecological irrationality that took place because of excess pollution. This emerged in the form of states and markets making green theories that highlighted the emergence of grassroots democracy and ecologically sustainable communities. Both these theories act as an alternative to one another in order to maintain the ecological balance that is required in the regions. However, Hill, Smith and Vanhoonacker (2017) observed that the second wave had focused more on the thinking of the political concepts that can be emerged from the use of the green theory. The emergence of the green theory has resulted in the emergence of debates within the international relations of a company. The emergence of environmental injustice is stated as the powerful nations imposing superiority over the less powerful regions of the world (Boot h and Erskine, 2016). For example, often it is seen that most countries dump wastes or conduct nuclear experiments in the southern part of the world. This results in the imbalance in the environment thereby causing climate changes in the world. Hence, the thoughts of dominating countries over the non-dominating countries have emerged as a concept to deal with for the managers. Environmental justice can be formed with the emergence of moral communities that pay heed to the factors that are affected by the environmental decay. This may include living beings as well the natural environment that surrounds the globe. Decisions made by the community and the participation of citizens that show growing concern for the environment is an asset for bringing about environmental justice in the world (Burchill et al. 2013). A precautionary approach needs to be taken to ensure the risk is minimised. In this regard, the concept of ecological modernisation can be explained in clear terms. The continuous improvement in the economic composition, environmental regulation and technology can help in degrading the decay to the economy. The strength of the domestic regulation can act as a motivator to enhance the ecological growth of a region. In this regard, the decay to an environment can also prevent the rapid fluctuations in the climate. The emergence of green political theor ies and the green political environment has resulted in the emergence of innovative technologies that affect the growth of environmental stability in the region. Hence, the green international relation theory can be broadly analysed keeping in mind the emergence of the theory. The influence of world politics can also be highlighted as the main contributor to the development of sustainable business. Roach, Griffiths and O'Callaghan (2014), the green theory related to international relation shares certain topics that can be critical in terms of understanding the concept. The green theorists bring about voices about certain factors that affect the working of the industry. The concerns include issues raised by Governments, green consumers, and ecological scientists and so on. The common theme of the concern is the transforming pattern of global trade that can help to promote sustainable development in the region and in the world. Weber (2013) stated that green sustainability can be subdivided into two wings namely the IPE wing and the green cosmopolitan wing. These two subdivisions work together in order to analyse the ecological problem and articulate new laws related to the protection of economy in the region. The new concept of international relation has approached the problem of the environment as a new concern for the people. The political, as well as the wings of internationa l relations, have challenged the existence of the approaches made by the nationalists. The challenges that have come into existence include the frequent climate changes. Evidence can be provided about the effects of climatic change in the lives of the people. The effect of climatic change can be dated back from the 1750s until the end of the Second World War. This is mainly because of the fact that the wars between nations had created massive disturbance in the climate and environmental factors of the world. It has been noted by scientists that the continuous exposure to smog and harmful pollutants can cause degradation to the environment and extinction of the species. In order to contain this, the First Assessment passed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 1990 proposed to achieve a stabilisation to the greenhouse gas concentration. Despite major changes in the political sphere, such as the signing of the Kyoto treaty, seeking cooperation from the United States and the election of President Barrack Obama, nations have failed to come to a point where climate change can be tackled in the world. According to O'neill (2017), the united effort of the members of every country needs to come into effect in order to promote climat e change in the world. In 2000, the signing of the Copenhagen treaty paves way for an effort to control the fluctuation in climate. The initiative taken in order to reduce global warming by a minimum of 2 degrees proved to be an effective and cost-friendly step towards the development of green international relations. Hence, this is a big step towards maintaining international relations among the countries and contributes to the effective method by which international relations can be maintained. It defines the working of the international relations and explains the system in a broader manner. Recently the UN Summit regarding climate change in 2015, shed light on the ways by which climate change can be controlled. The agreement proposed to set a limitation to reduce the impact of climate change by 2 degree Celsius. Within the years 2030 to 2050, zero emission can be seen as a prospect of addressing the issues that exist in the environment. This had a significant impact on world poli tics as most countries volunteered to undertake the notion set up in the conference. The international climate development has been made significant progress towards maintaining climatic changes in the regions. This can be attributed as a major global issue. The growth of carbon markets internationally has helped national as well as international level people to monitor the changes taking place in the climate. However, Sunkel and Inotai (2016)stated that most of the state Government has faced opposition about the significant growth of the carbon market. This is mainly because of the unstable nature of carbon extraction that can lead to the imposition of a tax. This can come as significant costs for those countries that are economically backward. The fact that the climatic change creates massive issues is an enormous problem that most Government in the world faces. The response that the politicians and Government received from the people despite the issues has created a massive diversity among the people (Koutrakos, 2015). The concept of green international relations has brought about hope in the mind of the people about the sustainability and development of the environment. The green international relation has offered alternate analysis of the political problem that arises in the world. The new theories proposed by the green international relations have brought about significant changes in world politics, as politicians round the world have contributed in assisting the promoting green international relation and prevent the degradation of environment. According to Dunne, Kurki and Smith (2013), the green international relation theorists give importance to the role played by justice in the analysis of the environment, most scholars are of the opinion that modernisation can be cost-effective and can bring about financial instability in some countries. Particular emphasis is given to the relationship that is formed between knowledge and power. The main concern is to improve the communication practices that exist between the domestic and international climate policymakers. The debate between the emission of carbon and fuel extraction on the effects on the atmosphere can bring the about opposed action in the mind of the people. The global warming challenge can be framed by alternate policy prescriptions to provide fair and lasting solutions for the Government. Goldstein and Pevehouse (2014) stated that one of the popular models for measuring the impact of climate change is the contraction and convergence model developed by researchers in London. The theory states that a major contraction by the richer countries along with the convergence of the other countries can provide the atmosphere with the ability to absorb harmful emissions. The model proposed to provide developing countries with the space to expand as well as facilitate resources that can help in building the capacity of the country. In the light of this statement, it can be concluded that green international relation forms the backbone of the increasing demand for sustainability in the world. The increase of political powers in the countries and in the industries has created a strong voice for the development of sustainable business across the regions. The fact that alternate solutions can be provided with the help of green international relation indicates the effectiveness of the situation. The united effort of the green political economists and the green normative theorists bring about environmental justice to the regions of business. The position adopted by the green economists tends to remain pre-occupied with the resulting change that exists in the environment. The disagreement exists in the use of carbon markets for restoring sustainability in the economy. While most countries have accepted the proposal made in the Copenhagen treaty of 2000, some countries have differed from signing the treaty due to the f inancial condition of the regions. Thus, the green international relation can help in bringing about the required development in terms of protecting the environment. The recent development in the UN Summit has also been effective in addressing the climatic issues brought about in the regions. Thus, it can be said that the influence of political power have gradually grown to dominate the emergence of green international relations. Reference Adler, E., 2013. Constructivism in international relations: sources, contributions, and debates.Handbook of international relations,2, pp.112-144. Baylis, J., Owens, P. and Smith, S. eds., 2017.The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Booth, K. and Erskine, T. eds., 2016.International relations theory today. John Wiley Sons. 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